Cash flow generation remains highly volatile, with free cash flow margins swinging from 37.6% in 2023Q4 to 9.1% in 2026Q1, largely driven by lumpy vaccine procurement and significant inorganic capital deployment.
| Metric | TTM | Dec'25 | Dec'24 | Dec'23 | Dec'22 | Dec'21 | Dec'20 | Dec'19 | Dec'18 | Dec'17 | Dec'16 | Dec'15 | Dec'14 | Dec'13 | Dec'12 | Dec'11 | Dec'10 | Dec'09 | Dec'08 | Dec'07 | Dec'06 | Dec'05 | Dec'04 | Dec'03 | Dec'02 | Dec'01 | Dec'00 | Dec'99 | Dec'98 | Dec'97 | Dec'96 |
|---|
| Cash from Operations | 8.3B | 7.14B | 6.55B | 7.89B | 8.16B | 7.95B | 8.44B | 8.02B | 8.42B | 6.92B | 6.5B | 2.57B | 5.18B | 7.22B | 4.38B | 6.25B | 6.8B | 7.84B | 7.31B | 5.79B | 3.96B | 5.59B | 4.77B | 4.85B | 3.06B | 4.61B | 1.85B | 510M | 410M | 615M | 849M |
| Operating CF Margin % | - | 21.87% | 20.89% | 26.02% | 27.83% | 32.2% | 34.66% | 23.76% | 27.32% | 22.92% | 23.3% | 10.74% | 22.5% | 27.25% | 16.55% | 22.82% | 23.94% | 27.64% | 30.02% | 25.49% | 17.05% | 25.8% | 23.86% | 22.66% | 14.43% | 22.45% | 10.24% | 6.01% | 5.14% | 7.71% | 10.18% |
| Operating CF Growth % | 115.96% | 8.99% | -16.94% | -3.3% | 2.62% | -5.79% | 5.25% | -4.76% | 21.73% | 6.48% | 152.9% | -50.37% | -28.33% | 65.07% | -30% | -8.05% | -13.31% | 7.25% | 26.16% | 46.41% | -29.16% | 17.2% | -1.75% | 58.56% | -33.61% | 148.87% | 263.14% | 24.39% | -33.33% | -27.56% | -32.19% |
| Net Income | 6.4B | 5.59B | 2.95B | 6.13B | 5.49B | 3.52B | 5.1B | 5.27B | 4.05B | 2.17B | 1.06B | 8.37B | 2.83B | 5.63B | 4.74B | 5.46B | 1.85B | 5.67B | 4.71B | 7.59B | 7.81B | 6.87B | 5.76B | 6.38B | 5.55B | 4.74B | 4.73B | 2.63B | 2.68B | 2.82B | 3.13B |
| Depreciation & Amortization | 3.4B | 3.7B | 2.55B | 2.85B | 2.64B | 2.12B | 2.05B | 3B | 1.76B | 2.98B | 1.86B | 1.86B | 2.03B | 1.42B | 1.08B | 1.68B | 2.07B | 1.27B | 1.54B | 1.33B | 1.14B | 1.1B | 1.23B | 1.07B | 909M | 812.8M | 735M | 428M | 358M | 373M | 410M |
| Stock-Based Compensation | 0 | 0 | 344M | 0 | 0 | 343M | 337M | 365M | 360M | 333M | 319M | 368M | 332M | 319M | 220M | 198M | 179M | 179M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Deferred Taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.08B | -965.72M | 0 | 0 | -1.95B | 1.78B | 1.5B | 2.61B | -8.71B | -581M | -892M | -2.8B | -21M | -2.02B | -2.06B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Cash Items | -129.43M | -1.53B | -1.38B | 1.05B | 2.66B | 584M | -1.24B | 814M | 717M | 669M | 664M | 653M | 659M | 706M | 729M | 709M | 1.94B | 2.94B | 987M | -2.59B | -4.52B | -2.08B | -1.76B | -2.15B | -3.83B | -1.78B | -3.91B | -2.27B | -2.08B | -2.37B | -2.39B |
| Working Capital Changes | -1.8B | -608.37M | 2.09B | -1.06B | -1.67B | 1.39B | 2.19B | 531M | -247M | -737M | -22M | 27M | -91M | 46M | 397M | -1.77B | 2.78B | -151M | 69M | -538M | -471M | -312M | -456M | -437M | 432M | 829.32M | 297M | -278M | -552M | -207M | -302M |
| Change in Receivables | 0 | 0 | 340M | -806.74M | -758.78M | -1.16B | -628M | -192M | -411M | -213M | 193M | 98M | 347M | 16M | 183M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Change in Inventory | 0 | 0 | -294M | -527.05M | -331.35M | 51M | 100M | 300M | 51M | -461M | 70M | -111M | -529M | -95M | 37M | -157M | 238M | -132M | -411M | -457.35M | -298.08M | 47.07M | -32.85M | -76.16M | -2M | 252.58M | -16M | -391M | -297M | -184M | -96M |
| Change in Payables | 0 | 0 | 0 | -18.65M | 608.5M | 0 | 0 | 263M | 131M | 11M | 96M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cash from Investing | -6.6B | -5.72B | -1.23B | -2.4B | -10.88B | -1.78B | 2.16B | -5.35B | -1.55B | -1.44B | -1.27B | 6.04B | -1.08B | 524M | -2.63B | -112M | -1.87B | -4.01B | -2.07B | -3.06B | -1.59B | -1.12B | -1.1B | -954M | -1.12B | -2.44B | -484M | -896M | -830M | -657M | -104M |
| Capital Expenditures | -2.68B | -2.92B | -1.4B | -2.91B | -2.78B | -950M | -989M | -2.16B | -1.8B | -2.2B | -2.35B | -1.9B | -1.75B | -1.7B | -1.52B | -1.33B | -1.64B | -1.87B | -2.07B | -2.14B | -1.59B | -1.18B | -255M | -1.06B | -1.23B | -1.12B | -1.1B | -597M | -475M | -415M | -401M |
| CapEx % of Revenue | 8.04% | 8.94% | 4.46% | 9.61% | 9.48% | 3.85% | 4.06% | 6.41% | 5.83% | 7.29% | 8.43% | 7.95% | 7.61% | 6.42% | 5.75% | 4.85% | 5.76% | 6.6% | 8.5% | 9.42% | 6.85% | 5.45% | 1.28% | 4.96% | 5.78% | 5.44% | 6.1% | 7.03% | 5.95% | 5.2% | 4.81% |
| Acquisitions | -5.09B | -4.37B | 1.37B | -1.72B | -3.79B | 185M | 2.85B | -3.78B | -292M | 356M | 592M | 7.53B | 235M | 1.95B | -2.54B | 727M | -354M | -2.79B | -463M | -1.03B | -281M | -1.03B | -69M | -12M | -20M | -849.96M | 66M | -29M | -152M | -38M | 341M |
| Investments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Investing | 996.88M | 1.46B | -1.22B | 14.92M | -4.43B | -1.03B | -2.97B | 846M | 1.3B | 395M | 736M | 55M | 232M | 200M | 1.17B | 570M | 343M | 511M | 523M | 252M | 305M | 1.08B | -735M | 58M | 79M | -565.73M | 1.35B | 40M | -196M | -407M | -22M |
| Cash from Financing | -3B | -1.59B | -4.73B | -6.07B | 2.05B | -7.59B | -10.13B | -1.84B | -6.39B | -6.38B | -6.39B | -7.1B | -5.38B | -6.27B | -3.35B | -6.23B | -5.57B | -2.77B | -4.09B | -1.32B | -4.32B | -3.08B | -3.06B | -872M | -2.15B | -2.78B | -546M | 350M | 339M | -59M | -658M |
| Debt Issued (Net) | 141.62M | 1.47B | -1.17B | -2.95B | -5.69B | -2B | -4.03B | 3.73B | 8.15B | -990M | -18M | -2.4B | 251M | 41M | 3.61B | 37M | -1.33B | 1.21B | 2.42B | 4.75B | -772.76M | 18.6M | 878M | 580.16M | 463M | -688.23K | -731M | 251M | 59M | -247M | -873M |
| Equity Issued (Net) | -1.33B | 14.67M | 20M | 12.43M | 30.79M | 21M | 29M | 51M | 74M | -9M | -74M | -99M | -333M | -1.55B | -2.12B | -1.93B | 63M | -1M | -3.65B | -3.22B | -880.46M | -679.38M | -1.42B | -938M | -2.16B | -1.59B | 185M | 104M | 284M | 188M | 215M |
| Dividends Paid | -2.83B | -2.51B | -2.44B | -2.79B | -4.27B | -4B | -3.98B | -3.95B | -3.93B | -3.91B | -4.85B | -3.87B | -3.84B | -3.68B | -3.81B | -3.41B | -3.21B | -3.09B | -3.01B | -2.79B | -2.6B | -2.39B | -2.48B | -2.33B | -2.33B | -2.33B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Share Repurchases | -1.34B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -65M | -74M | -99M | -333M | -1.55B | -2.53B | -2.23B | -16M | -57M | -3.73B | -3.75B | -1.35B | -999.01M | -999.45M | -978.88M | -2.22B | -1.74B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Financing | 1.02B | -573.16M | -1.14B | -341.84M | 11.98B | -1.61B | -2.15B | -1.67B | -10.69B | -1.48B | -1.45B | -727M | -1.46B | -1.08B | -1.03B | -931M | -1.09B | -109M | 973M | -178.85M | -71.78M | 137.15M | -36M | 1.82B | 1.87B | 1.14B | 0 | -5M | -4M | 0 | 0 |
| Net Change in Cash | -1.37B | -206.06M | 545M | -735.58M | -1.31B | -1.44B | 431M | 744M | 487M | -1B | -881M | 1.46B | -1.2B | 1.32B | -1.7B | -202M | -311M | 896M | 2.25B | -3.59B | -1.21B | 747M | 606M | 687M | -893M | -613.21M | 799M | -26M | -111M | -102M | 264M |
| Free Cash Flow | 7.37B | 5.82B | 3.57B | 6.26B | 6.75B | 5.3B | 6.5B | 5.86B | 6.63B | 4.72B | 4.14B | 668M | 3.42B | 5.52B | 2.85B | 4.92B | 5.16B | 5.97B | 5.24B | 3.65B | 2.37B | 4.41B | 4.51B | 3.79B | 1.83B | 3.49B | 749M | -87M | -65M | 200M | 448M |
| FCF Margin % | 22.11% | 17.83% | 11.38% | 20.63% | 23.03% | 21.45% | 26.67% | 17.35% | 21.5% | 15.62% | 14.86% | 2.79% | 14.89% | 20.83% | 10.8% | 17.97% | 18.18% | 21.04% | 21.53% | 16.06% | 10.2% | 20.35% | 22.59% | 17.7% | 8.64% | 17% | 4.14% | -1.02% | -0.81% | 2.51% | 5.37% |
| FCF Growth % | 58% | 63.06% | -42.92% | -7.33% | 27.46% | -18.44% | 10.91% | -11.59% | 40.48% | 13.78% | 520.51% | -80.5% | -37.96% | 93.38% | -42% | -4.65% | -13.51% | 13.85% | 43.54% | 54.22% | -46.26% | -2.35% | 19.06% | 106.76% | -47.5% | 366.14% | 960.92% | -33.85% | -132.5% | -55.36% | -21.13% |
| FCF per Share | 3.62 | 5.66 | 1.72 | 3.04 | 3.31 | 3.27 | 3.22 | 2.92 | 3.33 | 2.39 | 2.11 | 0.34 | 1.76 | 2.81 | 1.43 | 2.41 | 2.52 | 2.92 | 2.51 | 1.64 | 1.04 | 1.92 | 1.97 | 1.64 | 0.77 | 1.43 | 0.31 | -0.03 | -0.02 | 0.07 | 0.16 |
| FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income) | 1.15x | 1.25x | 2.55x | 1.60x | 0.55x | 1.81x | 1.47x | 1.73x | 2.32x | 4.52x | 7.12x | 0.31x | 1.88x | 1.33x | 0.97x | 1.19x | 4.16x | 1.42x | 1.59x | 1.11x | 0.73x | 1.19x | 1.22x | 1.08x | 0.78x | 1.49x | 0.44x | 0.28x | 0.22x | 0.33x | 0.43x |
| Interest Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Taxes Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Litigation and Regulatory Pricing
Based on reported financial data, the relationship between net income and operating cash flow is highly inconsistent, with OCF/NI ratios swinging from -37.14 in 2024Q3 to 10.34 in 2023Q4, suggesting that accounting accruals and non-cash provisions frequently decouple reported profits from actual cash generation capabilities.
The extreme variance in the conversion ratio indicates that net income is an unreliable proxy for the company's underlying cash health. Investors should monitor whether these distortions are primarily driven by legal provisions or restructuring costs, as they mask the true cash-generating efficiency of the core pharmaceutical business.
As reported in financial statements, GSK's free cash flow margins exhibit significant quarterly fluctuations, ranging from a low of 8.5% in 2024Q2 to a peak of 37.6% in 2023Q4, reflecting the lumpy nature of government vaccine procurement and the impact of periodic large-scale capital expenditures.
The lack of a stable FCF trajectory suggests that the company's cash flow profile is highly sensitive to the timing of major tenders and R&D investment cycles. This volatility complicates long-term valuation models, as cash availability appears to be more a function of operational timing than consistent organic growth.
According to recent SEC filings, working capital changes have been highly erratic, oscillating between a $3.8 billion inflow in 2024Q4 and a $1.1 billion outflow in 2026Q1, which indicates that inventory management and collection cycles are currently subject to significant, unpredictable operational shifts.
These dramatic swings in working capital suggest that the company may be struggling to normalize its cash conversion cycle following the Haleon spin-off. Such instability warrants further investigation into whether these movements represent temporary timing differences or a more permanent shift in how the company manages its receivables and payables.
Based on GSK's reported figures, the company has consistently utilized cash for both dividends and net acquisitions, with a notable $1.2 billion net acquisition spend in 2026Q1, suggesting a strategic preference for bolstering the specialty pipeline through external investment rather than relying solely on internal R&D.
The simultaneous commitment to dividends and aggressive acquisition spending may strain cash reserves if operating cash flow remains volatile. Investors should monitor whether these bolt-on acquisitions provide the expected returns, as the current capital allocation strategy appears to be balancing shareholder returns with the necessity of pipeline replenishment.
Quick answers to the most common questions about buying GSK stock.
GSK plc (GSK) generated $7.14B in net cash from operating activities in 2025. This reflects the cash generated directly from core business operations.
GSK plc (GSK) generated $5.82B in free cash flow in 2025. Free cash flow is the cash left over after capital expenditures, which can be used to pay dividends, repurchase shares, or pay down debt.
GSK plc (GSK) spent $2.92B on capital expenditures in 2025. CapEx represents the cash invested in physical assets like property, plant, and equipment to maintain or grow the business.
In 2025, GSK plc (GSK) returned $2.51B to shareholders via cash dividends. This shows the company's commitment to returning capital to its equity investors.